Chronic and infectious diseases

Chronic diseases Chronic and infectious diseases Nearly 1 in 4 Europeans have a long-term problem that restricts their daily activities. There are answers across Europe that can reduce the burden of chronic disease, through better use of current knowledge and good practices on effective, efficient and comprehensive ways to manage chronic disease. CHRODIS European Joint Action brings together more than 60 organizations across the European Union working together to facilitate the exchange of good practices on chronic disease prevention and care across Europe.

What are the infectious diseases caused by microorganisms.

Infectious diseases are disorders caused by microorganisms or microbes, such as:

• Viruses
•  or bacteria
• or fungi
•  or parasites.

There are trillions of types of microbes, but only several thousand pathogenic organisms or pathogens. In fact, many species live inside or on the human body, forming the so-called natural microbial flora, which are not only harmful but also useful in protecting the human host from the invasion of pathogens.

How can infectious diseases be transmitted in different ways.

Infectious diseases can be transmitted in different ways: through direct or indirect contact with an infected person, by consuming contaminated foods, or by having a contaminated medical device, from an infected mother to a child during pregnancy or childbirth, by contact with an infected person. Animal or animal droppings, or through the bites of carriers, such as mosquitoes or ticks.

What are the causes of disease transmission.

Pathogens can be inhaled in contaminated aerosol droplets, ingested in foods or drinks, or entered the nose, mouth, or eyes while people handle contaminated objects and then touch their faces. Organisms that spread through bodily fluids are usually transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, or skin wounds.

How are plants harmless or harmful to humans to transmit diseases.

Normal flora is usually harmless, but it can cause illness in people with weakened immune systems. Resident bacteria may also cause infection if they enter parts of the body that are supposed to be free of germs, which can occur during infection or surgery. Overuse of antibiotics may kill the protective bacteria, allowing opportunistic pathogens to grow and cause disease.

An organism's ability to infect and damage a host is determined by its virulence. The more virulent the pathogen, the more severe the disease it can cause. Virulence factors are molecules or structures that enable a pathogen to invade host tissues or evade immune defense.

How do many bacteria release exotoxins that cause damage to the body's systems.

Many bacteria release exotoxins that cause damage to the body's systems. Most toxins are produced during infection, but there are also pre-formed toxins, such as those responsible for food poisoning, that can trigger disease even in the absence of bacteria.

Gram negative bacteria have an endotoxin as part of their outer membrane. This endotoxin is responsible for the excessive release of inflammatory mediators and pro-thrombotic factors that can be fatal in sepsis patients. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and laboratory tests that indicate the presence and possibly identity of the pathogen.

Antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics are used to treat infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, respectively.Transmission of infectious diseases can be greatly reduced by practicing personal hygiene, especially hand washing. Vaccines, when available, are the most effective prevention measure. Antibiotics can sometimes be given for preventive purposes.